SQL Injection: SQL for Web Pages

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SQL in Web Pages

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When SQL is used to display data on a web page, it is common to let web users input their own search values. Since SQL statements are text only, it is easy, with a little piece of computer code, to dynamically change SQL statements to provide the user with selected data: Server Code

txtUserId = getRequestString("UserId"); txtSQL = "SELECT * FROM Users WHERE UserId = " txtUserId;

The example above, creates a select statement by adding a variable (txtUserId) to a select string. The variable is fetched from the user input (Request) to the page. The rest of this chapter describes the potential dangers of using user input in SQL statements.

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SQL Injection

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SQL injection is a technique where malicious users can inject SQL commands into an SQL statement, via web page input. Injected SQL commands can alter SQL statement and compromise the security of a web application.

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SQL Injection Based on 1=1 is Always True

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Look at the example above, one more time. Let's say that the original purpose of the code was to create an SQL statement to select a user with a given user id. If there is nothing to prevent a user from entering "wrong" input, the user can enter some "smart" input like this: UserId: 105 or 1=1 Server Result
SELECT * FROM Users WHERE UserId = 105 or 1=1 The SQL above is valid. It will return all rows from the table Users, since WHERE 1=1 is always true. Does the example above seem dangerous? What if the Users table contains names and passwords? The SQL statement above is much the same as this:

SELECT UserId, Name, Password FROM Users WHERE UserId = 105 or 1=1

A smart hacker might get access to all the user names and passwords in a database by simply inserting 105 or 1=1 into the input box.

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SQL Injection Based on ""="" is Always True

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Here is a common construction, used to verify user login to a web site:
User Name:
Password:
Server Code

uName = getRequestString("UserName"); uPass = getRequestString("UserPass"); sql = "SELECT * FROM Users WHERE Name ='" uName "' AND Pass ='" uPass "'"

A smart hacker might get access to user names and passwords in a database by simply inserting " or ""=" into the user name or password text box. The code at the server will create a valid SQL statement like this: Result

SELECT * FROM Users WHERE Name ="" or ""="" AND Pass ="" or ""=""

The result SQL is valid. It will return all rows from the table Users, since WHERE ""="" is always true.

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SQL Injection Based on Batched SQL Statements

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Most databases support batched SQL statement, separated by semicolon. Example

SELECT * FROM Users; DROP TABLE Suppliers

The SQL above will return all rows in the Users table, and then delete the table called Suppliers. If we had the following server code: Server Code

txtUserId = getRequestString("UserId"); txtSQL = "SELECT * FROM Users WHERE UserId = " + txtUserId;

And the following input:

User id: 105; DROP TABLE Suppliers

The code at the server would create a valid SQL statement like this: Result

SELECT * FROM Users WHERE UserId = 105; DROP TABLE Suppliers

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Parameters for Protection

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Some web developers use a "blacklist" of words or characters to search for in SQL input, to prevent SQL injection attacks. This is not a very good idea. Many of these words (like delete or drop) and characters (like semicolons and quotation marks), are used in common language, and should be allowed in many types of input. In fact it should be perfectly legal to input an SQL statement in a database field. The only proven way to protect a web site from SQL injection attacks, is to use SQL parameters. SQL parameters are values that are added to an SQL query at execution time, in a controlled manner. ASP.NET Razor Example

txtUserId = getRequestString("UserId"); txtSQL = "SELECT * FROM Users WHERE UserId = @0"; db.Execute(txtSQL,txtUserId);

Note that parameters are represented in the SQL statement by a @ marker. The SQL engine checks each parameter to ensure that it is correct for its column and are treated literally, and not as part of the SQL to be executed. Another Example

txtNam = getRequestString("CustomerName"); txtAdd = getRequestString("Address"); txtCit = getRequestString("City"); txtSQL = "INSERT INTO Customers (CustomerName,Address,City) Values(@0,@1,@2)"; db.Execute(txtSQL,txtNam,txtAdd,txtCit);

Examples The following examples shows how to build parameterized queries in some common web languages.
ASP.NET SELECT

txtUserId = getRequestString("UserId"); sql = "SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE CustomerId = @0"; command = new SqlCommand(sql); command.Parameters.AddWithValue("@0",txtUserID); command.ExecuteReader();

ASP.NET INSERT INTO

txtNam = getRequestString("CustomerName"); txtAdd = getRequestString("Address"); txtCit = getRequestString("City"); txtSQL = "INSERT INTO Customers (CustomerName,Address,City) Values(@0,@1,@2)"; command = new SqlCommand(txtSQL); command.Parameters.AddWithValue("@0",txtNam); command.Parameters.AddWithValue("@1",txtAdd); command.Parameters.AddWithValue("@2",txtCit); command.ExecuteNonQuery();

PHP INSERT INTO

$stmt = $dbh->prepare("INSERT INTO Customers (CustomerName,Address,City) VALUES (:nam, :add, :cit)"); $stmt->bindParam(':nam', $txtNam); $stmt->bindParam(':add', $txtAdd); $stmt->bindParam(':cit', $txtCit); $stmt->execute();